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C# provides full support for object-oriented programming including encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Encapsulation means that a group of related properties, methods, and other members are treated as a single unit or object.
Inheritance describes the ability to create new classes based on an existing class.
Polymorphism means that you can have multiple classes that can be used interchangeably, even though each class implements the same properties or methods in different ways.
This section describes the following concepts:
The terms class and object are sometimes used interchangeably, but in fact, classes describe the type of objects, while objects are usable instances of classes. So, the act of creating an object is called instantiation. Using the blueprint analogy, a class is a blueprint, and an object is a building made from that blueprint.
To define a class:
C# also provides a light version of classes called structures that are useful when you need to create large array of objects and do not want to consume too much memory for that.
To define a structure:
For more information, see:
Each class can have different class members that include properties that describe class data, methods that define class behavior, and events that provide communication between different classes and objects.
Fields and properties represent information that an object contains. Fields are like variables because they can be read or set directly.
To define a field:
Properties have get and set procedures, which provide more control on how values are set or returned.
C# allows you either to create a private field for storing the property value or use so-called auto-implemented properties that create this field automatically behind the scenes and provide the basic logic for the property procedures.
To define an auto-implemented property:
If you need to perform some additional operations for reading and writing the property value, define a field for storing the property value and provide the basic logic for storing and retrieving it:
Most properties have methods or procedures to both set and get the property value. However, you can create read-only or write-only properties to restrict them from being modified or read. In C#, you can omit the get or set property method. However, auto-implemented properties cannot be read-only or write-only.
For more information, see:
A method is an action that an object can perform.
To define a method of a class:
A class can have several implementations, or overloads, of the same method that differ in the number of parameters or parameter types.
To overload a method:
In most cases you declare a method within a class definition. However, C# also supports extension methods that allow you to add methods to an existing class outside the actual definition of the class.
For more information, see:
Constructors are class methods that are executed automatically when an object of a given type is created. Constructors usually initialize the data members of the new object. A constructor can run only once when a class is created. Furthermore, the code in the constructor always runs before any other code in a class. However, you can create multiple constructor overloads in the same way as for any other method.
To define a constructor for a class:
For more information, see:
Constructors.
Finalizers are used to destruct instances of classes. In the .NET Framework, the garbage collector automatically manages the allocation and release of memory for the managed objects in your application. However, you may still need finalizers to clean up any unmanaged resources that your application creates. There can be only one finalizers for a class.
For more information about finalizers and garbage collection in the .NET Framework, see Garbage Collection.
Events enable a class or object to notify other classes or objects when something of interest occurs. The class that sends (or raises) the event is called the publisher and the classes that receive (or handle) the event are called subscribers. For more information about events, how they are raised and handled, see Events.
To declare an event in a class, use the event keyword.
To raise an event, invoke the event delegate.
To subscribe to an event, use the += operator; to unsubscribe from an event, use the -= operator.
A class defined within another class is called nested. By default, the nested class is private.
To create an instance of the nested class, use the name of the container class followed by the dot and then followed by the name of the nested class:
All classes and class members can specify what access level they provide to other classes by using access modifiers.
The following access modifiers are available:
| C# Modifier | Definition |
|---|---|
| public | The type or member can be accessed by any other code in the same assembly or another assembly that references it. |
| private | The type or member can only be accessed by code in the same class. |
| protected | The type or member can only be accessed by code in the same class or in a derived class. |
| internal | The type or member can be accessed by any code in the same assembly, but not from another assembly. |
| protected internal | The type or member can be accessed by any code in the same assembly, or by any derived class in another assembly. |
| private protected | The type or member can be accessed by code in the same class or in a derived class within the base class assembly. |
For more information, see Access Modifiers.
To create an object, you need to instantiate a class, or create a class instance.
After instantiating a class, you can assign values to the instance's properties and fields and invoke class methods.
To assign values to properties during the class instantiation process, use object initializers:
For more information, see:
A static member of the class is a property, procedure, or field that is shared by all instances of a class. Red baron game free download.
To define a static member:
To access the static member, use the name of the class without creating an object of this class:
Static classes in C# have static members only and cannot be instantiated. Static members also cannot access non-static properties, fields or methods
For more information, see: static.
Anonymous types enable you to create objects without writing a class definition for the data type. Instead, the compiler generates a class for you. The class has no usable name and contains the properties you specify in declaring the object.
To create an instance of an anonymous type:
For more information, see: Anonymous Types.
Inheritance enables you to create a new class that reuses, extends, and modifies the behavior that is defined in another class. The class whose members are inherited is called the base class, and the class that inherits those members is called the derived class. However, all classes in C# implicitly inherit from the Object class that supports .NET class hierarchy and provides low-level services to all classes.
Note
C# doesn't support multiple inheritance. That is, you can specify only one base class for a derived class.
To inherit from a base class:
By default all classes can be inherited. However, you can specify whether a class must not be used as a base class, or create a class that can be used as a base class only.
To specify that a class cannot be used as a base class:
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To specify that a class can be used as a base class only and cannot be instantiated:
For more information, see:
By default, a derived class inherits all members from its base class. If you want to change the behavior of the inherited member, you need to override it. That is, you can define a new implementation of the method, property or event in the derived class.
The following modifiers are used to control how properties and methods are overridden:
| C# Modifier | Definition |
|---|---|
| virtual | Allows a class member to be overridden in a derived class. |
| override | Overrides a virtual (overridable) member defined in the base class. |
| abstract | Requires that a class member to be overridden in the derived class. |
| new Modifier | Hides a member inherited from a base class |
Interfaces, like classes, define a set of properties, methods, and events. But unlike classes, interfaces do not provide implementation. They are implemented by classes, and defined as separate entities from classes. An interface represents a contract, in that a class that implements an interface must implement every aspect of that interface exactly as it is defined.
To define an interface:
To implement an interface in a class:
For more information, see:
Classes, structures, interfaces and methods in the .NET Framework can include type parameters that define types of objects that they can store or use. The most common example of generics is a collection, where you can specify the type of objects to be stored in a collection.
To define a generic class:
To create an instance of a generic class:
For more information, see:
A delegate is a type that defines a method signature, and can provide a reference to any method with a compatible signature. You can invoke (or call) the method through the delegate. Delegates are used to pass methods as arguments to other methods.
Note
Event handlers are nothing more than methods that are invoked through delegates. For more information about using delegates in event handling, see Events.
To create a delegate:
To create a reference to a method that matches the signature specified by the delegate:
For more information, see: